How to write numbers, figures, dates and times - Emphasis

How to write numbers, figures, dates and times How to write numbers, figures, dates and times How good are you at watching your figures? These can be a crucial part of your document and the more clearly you express them, the better. Here are our guidelines for expressing time, money, statistics, data, dates and anything else involving numbers: 1. Write out numbers one to ten in words. 2. Use figures for 11 and above. 3. Avoid mixing words and figures in the same phrase. For example: You can order in multiples of 9, 12 or 16, not nine, 12 or 16. 4. Always use figures in data if decimals or fractions are involved: 6.25 or 6 1/4. 5. Write ordinals (first, second, third etc) in full, not 1st, 2nd, 3rd. 6. Write fractions in full and hyphenate them in the body of text eg two-thirds of the class. 7. Write thousands as 60,000, not 60K. 8. Use a comma for tens of thousands or more: 9000; 12,000; 50,000. 9. Write millions as 60 million or 60m, not 60,000,000. 10. File sizes should always be written as abbreviations eg 45Kb, or 1.8Mb. 11. A billion is a thousand million (1,000,000,000), not a million million. Write billions as 6 billion or 6bn, not 6,000,000,000. 12. Use per cent in running text (as opposed to tables etc.), not the % sign. 13. Use these forms rather that the 24-hour clock: 9.30am, 12 noon, 5pm, 12 midnight. 14. Write dates in this format: 7 September 2008. 15. Use twentieth century, not 20th century. 16. When indicating time span, use from/to, between/and or X-X. But dont mix and match: use from 9am to 5pm; or between 9am and 5pm; or 9am5pm. 17. If spanning dates in the same century, drop the first two digits of the second date. But keep them if the dates span different centuries: 196769, 19992008. 18. Do not use apostrophes for collective dates: 1990s, not 1990s. A few of these are issues of style rather than hard-and-fast rules. If youre not sure, or if you still have any questions on writing numbers, leave a comment and well get back to you.

buy custom Virtual Meetings Technology essay

buy custom Virtual Meetings Technology essay The Future of Face-to-face Meetings With the advent of new technology, the face-to-face meetings are greatly affected. The online meetings like teleconferencing, videoconferencing, audio conferencing and chats among other means of meetings have greatly dominated the current communications limiting the use of face-to-face meetings. The change over is attribute to the numerous advantages that are presented by the newly arrived technology over those of the face-to-face meetings. The advantages of the virtual meetings technology that meet the requirements of the users are the cost saving, efficiency, the effectiveness, the renouncement and handiness. The technologies are proving to be economically fit for the needs of the technology consumers. Practitioners prefer to use the technology to minimize the transportation, the risk to losing confidential information and the meeting set up (like the entertainments) costs. Moreover, its use in the world of today is becoming common and no one is willing to lag behind. The other advantages are the usefulness and the usability of the technology. Furthermore, there are day-to-day improvements that foster their usefulness in the lifestyles adopted today. These advantages make them of preference and soon they will lead the face-to-face meetings out of use. This will help to improve on the effectiveness of the large meetings while the face-to-face meetings come to a halt. It will come to a point whereby all the large meetin gs held technologically. While discussing the possibility of the face-to-face meetings being face out, it is important to consider some facts. Considering the type of meetings held it is possible that face-to-face meetings are to coexist. One reason as to why I argue in this direction is that some business meetings require the physical presence of the participants in order to deliver a long-term solution. One may never read the mood of the meeting and may end up making wrong assumptions that will later affect the business. However much the technology is to play an important role, the face-to-face meetings will still have their ways into existence. This could be limited to only small meetings. To conclude, the face-to-face meetings are likely to be specifically for small meetings and that is where the business rules forces. The large face-to-face meetings will be out of question. Buy custom Virtual Meetings Technology essay

English paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

English paper - Essay Example That is the function of an art, its relationship to nature and life, distinction of its beauty from the truth, its use, and moral goodness. According to Sartwell, â€Å"It is systematic attempt to pit aesthetics against rationality since it views beauty as a teeming opposite of simplicity. In this case spiritual orientation entails an aesthetic and vice versa† (Sartwell 59). Therefore, in depicting spirituality, different objects are in use by different cultures and religions. For instance, the Christians crucifixion really moves one to see the brutality received by Christ on the Calvary. Mathias crucifixion exaggerates the suffering a depiction that goes beyond realism. The body is covered with big sores of wounds to show the beatings and it is discoloured all over with blood. The legs intertwined with a nail at the place of intersection to hold the body on the cross. Sartwell asserts, â€Å"The legs have begun to putrefy and were turning green beneath the rivers of blood. He hands wide open, fingers contorted in a wild gesture in which were supplication and reproach† (Sartwell 71). This kind of work can move even the non-Christians to belief as they experience beauty in different emotions of this sight. Another example of objects that depict beauty are furniture and other work designs. For instance, the work of Shakers disjoins the physical object from its meaning. Just as the shakers believed that work is a form of worship, looking at their work one can view the devotion. Beauty revolves around some values that depict morality. The simplicity of art works, austerity, and integrity made the Shakers work outstanding, which made them make a lot of money as they marketed genuine items with honesty and quality. This is beauty (Sundara) as one looks at it in all dimensions such as moral aspect, physically, and spiritually. As one admires a good craft and the skilful work that goes into the craft, the mind can

Aircraft Performance Reassessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Aircraft Performance Reassessment - Essay Example The flight span is anywhere from around 50 to 500 feet above the ground. Aircrafts fly wing-tip to wing-tip at speeds greater than 500 miles per hour. This report describes the aircraft of the model, Cassutt 3m, a formula one racing aircraft. The Cassutt 3m is a model of a Formula One racing aircraft that is fit with various specifications that make it suitable for racing on a track. Its engine and aerobatic features are unique and subscribe to the general requirements of track racing (Filippone, 2006). The safety and the loading features enable it to maneuver bends without the risk of causing accidents. The aircraft is run by the Continental 0-200 engine that saves on consumption of fuel. This aircraft runs at a terrific speed of 185-200 MPH whilst consuming 6 gallons of fuel hourly (Filippone, 2013). Like other racing aircrafts, Cassutt 3m has high aerobatic features enabling it to attain high climb rates of about 3700 feet per climb. Cassutt 3m prominently features in Formula One World Racing Championships. Its unique features make it adaptable to the Formula One Racing Championship that exhibits a show of acrobatic maneuvers in aircrafts (Saarlas & Maido, 2006). Visible features that make this aircraft effective in air racing include the structure of winglets that minimizes drag and thus improving lift coefficient. The stretch of pilot’s cockpit is characteristic to Cassutt 3m and differs from other racing aircrafts (Saarlas & Maido, 2006). Steel tubes, fabrics, and composites comprise components making up lower and upper fuselages of this aircraft. The landing gears are made up of spring steel and spring aluminum cantilevers. The overall design of Cassutt 3m is unique and differs from the design of normal airplanes. The design of the wing is inimitable and has attracted praises over the years. Cassutt 3m maneuvers across the lands like any normal small plane reaching destinations.  

Free

Free Speech Essay In 1996 at Bonneville High school in Ogden, Utah a young foreign exchange student from Poland sat with her friend eating lunch. As she gazed upward she could see into the window of one of the history classes. To her horror, visible to the entire student body was displayed a Nazi flag. The flag was being displayed as part of a class on World War II and was displayed next to a Japanese flag, newspaper clippings, and other memorabilia to highlight certain aspects of that time period. After asking for the flag to be removed without avail, the student, Marta Daszkiewicz, wrote a letter to the local newspapers editorial section. In which she wrote â€Å"The swastika still evoked fears because the neo-Nazi movement is still alive in Germany. If you have Polish license plates, you can get beat up by neo-Nazis when you go into Germany, (Daszkiewicz, personal communication, February 15, 2012) A local newspaper at the time reported: [Karen] Miner said she was surprised to hear that Daszkiewicz, whose grandfather was killed at Auschwitz-Birkenau, felt the Nazi flag had no place on her classroom wall. â€Å"My father was one of the first Americans to go in D-Day, Miner said, adding that he helped liberate Paris and later some of the concentration camps where Nazis killed millions of Jews and members of other ethnic groups they deemed to be inferior.† (Associated Press 1996) At the school, teachers took sides, and because she was miles away from her parents and other means of support the young student felt ostracized. She felt like she had come to the land of the free and when she decided to speak her mind, she was shot down. (Daszkiewicz, personal communication, February 15, 2012) Karen Miner, the teacher, also felt her own freedoms had been brought under fire, and although she had been supported by her school and local school board, she certainly was not promoting Na zi ideology. (Associated Press 1996) What the student and the teacher had experienced here was a classic clash over when and if our freedom of speech should be censored. In either position; it is hard to know how we should respond. This was a balancing act with the teacher on one side representing the government, her students, and herself and the student on the other representing the individual. Both sides would probably describe their own freedom of expression to be the one that was threatened. And both have a reasonable claim to have their rights  being protected. In the United States of America, the right to freedom of speech has been held as one of this country’s highest values, as nationally recognized by the Constitution of the United States of America. Censorship of speech is a controversial subject matter, and will probably always be debated in the U.S. as long as this country exists. Balancing individual expression against the public’s welfare and safety is one of the most significant challenges of government. The passage and enforcement of unbalanced laws lead to suppression then revolt and an eventual disintegration of that society. Visual Aide The great balancing act is that even within the first amendment itself, there are often conflicts between the specific rights. And often Freedom of Speech is paired against not only the other rights within the 1st amendment, and also against the government’s role to protect the nation. Supreme court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes said, I think that we should be eternally vigilant against attempts to check the expression of opinions that we loathe and believe to be fraught with death, unless they so imminently threaten immediate interference with the lawful and pressing purposes of the law that an immediate check is required to save the country. (Holmes, Abrams v. United States, 1919). Justice Holmes did not believe free speech should never be limited however. â€Å"The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theatre and causing a panic. [] The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent† (Holmes, Schenck v. United States, 1919) When speech is limited even for the reasons stated by Justice Holmes and Mr. Cohen, consequences can arise that are so disagreeable that they outweigh the original intent. On January 18th, 2012, only short time ago, a massive internet protest ensued. Some of the largest and most used internet sites went dark for 24 hours, including Wikipedia and Reddit, to bring attention to the movement against the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) and the Protect IP Act (PIPA), two acts designed to protect owners of copyrights from the  possibility of intellectual robbery. Wikipedia, Google, and many others stated that while they understood the need to stop piracy of intellectual property, these bills went too far and began to censor ideas and knowledge. (Pepitone, 2012) It is only through this type of public discourse that the protections of speech and expression remain intact. On September 11th, 2001, one of the worst attacks in the history of the United States was perpetrated on our own soil. This act has lead to countless, laws and actions by the United States government. Among these is a very controversial act, known as the patriot act. This act has been argued by some to sacrifice our privileges of privacy and other rights for a little more security. Yet many believed our freedom of speech remained untouched. â€Å"Unlike World War I, for example, people were free to express their opposition to the â€Å"war on terror† without fear of being sentenced to ten years in prison†¦ In at least one significant area speech and association de emed to provide â€Å"material support† to terrorist groups our First Amendment rights are considerably less robust in the wake of 9/11 than they were before. Professor David Cole, a professor at Georgetown University Law Center explained â€Å"The â€Å"material support† law gives the executive the power to designate as a â€Å"foreign terrorist organization† any group that is foreign, has used or threatened to use a weapon against person or property, and whose activities undermine our â€Å"national defense, foreign relations, or economic interests.† (Cole, 2007) Cole further explains that the Supreme Court rulings of Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project uphold as constitutional the Bush and Obama administrations’ overly broad interpretation of that law and set dangerous precedents for speech rights in the future. The fear of further attacks by the enemies of the United States is not a reason to suppress our speech and expression. â€Å"Censorship,† according to Justice Holmes, â€Å"is an almost irresistible impulse when you know you are right† (Sunstein, p. 25). But letting the government swing toward suppression even in the face of adversity may at first help to protect a society but can eventually lead to much more complex and destructive problems. History has provided many examples of societies that used tactics to suppress ideas and expression. Examples of these groups are religions, governments, schools, and corporations. History has also shown  us that prolonged restriction of free speech leads to some sort of revolt. Known examples of revolts due to suppression are, the Lutheran and Calvinist Movements in Europe, the American Revolution, and Brown versus The Board of Education. (Heyman, 2010) A more modern, less dramatic, representation of the idea that censorship leads to revolt is known as â€Å"The Streisand Effect†. (Greenberg, 2007) The Phenomenon is named after singer Barbra Streisand and her failed attempt to suppress pictures of her home from being posted across the internet. In 2003 Kenneth Adelman posted aerial photos for an environmental survey. These photos included the singer’s Malibu beach house. Streisand responded to the pictures by suing Adelman. â€Å"Until the lawsuit, few people had spotted Streisands house, Adelman saysbut the lawsuit brought more than a million visitors to Adelmans Web site, he estimates. Streisands case was dismissed, and Adelmans photo was picked up by the Associated Press and reprinted in newspapers around the world.† (Greenberg, 2007) Yet based on history a suppressive government cannot sustain itself without making a switch to a more balanced approach to human rights, including free speech. In his book Did Plastic People of the Universe topple communism? Tom Stoppard shows the history of how suppression of Rock and Roll in Czechoslovakia eventually led to the 1989 Velvet Revolution. In 1976, after years of suppression by the Czechoslovakian Communist Party, The Plastic People of the Universe, a psychedelic rock and roll band were put on trial after attempting to stage a music festival that was not sanction by the government. (Stoppard, 2009) A diverse group of supporters, including playwrights, writers, professors and other Czech intellectuals, had attended the trial and gathered outside in the hallway. Among the supporters was avant-garde playwright Vaclav Havel who had met band members a week earlier and had been impressed with them. Havel left the trial feeling disgusted with the world and resolved to make a difference. (Stoppard, 2009) In the months that followed, these sympathizers gathered in solidarity with local hippies and rallied around the Plastic People. They dared to establish a human rights organization and released a statement of principles on  January 1, 1977, naming their organization after the charter, Charter 77. Havel said that the Plastics were defending lifes intrinsic desire to express itself freely, in its own authentic and sovereign way, which is as close to a perfect definition of both democracy and rock and roll as has ever been stated. Charter 77 evolved into a world-famous human rights petition that eventually landed Havel in jail, and was a precursor to the national revolution or â€Å"Velvet Revolution† that occurred 12 years later. (Stoppard, 2009) â€Å"The Velvet Revolution (Czech) or Gentle Revolution (Slovak) was a non-violent revolution in Czechoslovakia that took place from November 17 to December 29, 1989. Dominated by student and other popular demonstrations against the one-party government of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, it saw to the collapse of the partys control of the country, and the subsequent conversion from Czech Stalinism to capitalism.† (Radio Prague, 1997) The Constitution of the United States extends the rights of speech as part of the first amendment. However, within the same amendment the constitution also offers religion, press, and peaceable assembly. Within the same amendment the right can sometimes conflict with some or all of the other rights protected by the constitution. Balancing the rights of citizens with the demands of government is not a battle that will ever be won. Due to changes in the worlds ideas and cultures we must, as Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. suggested, be â€Å"Eternally Vigilant† (Holmes, Abrams v. United States, 1919) in protecting others free speech. Balancing individual expression against the general public’s safety is one of the most significant challenges of government. If we do not we must face the possibility of losing our own freedoms and may have to fight either through words or deeds to retain those rights. Bibliography: Holmes, Oliver Wendell (1995). The Collected Works of Justice Holmes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press Radio Prague (1997) Radio Pragues History Online Virtual Exhibit!. http://archiv.radio.cz/history/history15.html Retrieved 2-16-2012 O’Brien, David M. (2010) Congress Shall Make No Law: The First Amendment, Unprotected Expression, and the Supreme Court. Lanham, Maryland: Bowman Littlefield Publishers, INC Heyman, Steven J. (2008) Free Speech and Human Dignity. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press Goldsmith, Edward (1971) Social disintegration: causes. London, England: Sphere Books Stoppard, Tom (2009) Did Plastic People of the Universe topple communism?. NY Times Online 12-19-2009. Retrieved 2-15-2012 Associated Press (1996) Polish Exchange Student Criticizes Nazi Display. Associated Press, Saturday, May 25 1996 http://www.deseretnews.com/article/491559/POLISH-EXCHANGE-STUDENT-CRITICIZES-NAZI-DISPLAY.html Greenberg, Andy (2007) The Streisand Effect. http://www.forbes.com/2007/05/10/streisand-digg-web-tech-cx_ag_0511streisand.html (2/15/2011) Norton, Rob (2008) Unintended Consequences. . The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. 2008. Library of Economics and Liberty. Retrieved February 18, 2012 from the World Wide Web: http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/UnintendedConsequences.html Pepitone, Julianne (2012) SOPA explained: What it is and why it matters. CNN Money Tech. Retrieved February 18, 2012 from the World Wide Web: http://money.cnn.com/2012/01/17/technology/sopa_explained/index.htm Finan, Christopher M. (2007) From the Palmer Raids to the Patriot Act. Boston, MA: Beacon Press Frontline (2006) The Memory of Tiananmen 1989. PBS Thomas, Andrew Peyton (2005) The People v. Harvard: Law How America’s Oldest Law School Turned Its Back on Free Speech. San Francisco, CA: Encounter Books Sunstein, C. (1993) Democracy and the Problem of Free Speech. NY: Free Press Cole, David (2011) Free Speech After 9/11: Why Advocating for Peace is Now a Crime. American Constitution Society. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from the World Wide Web: http://www.acslaw.org/acsblog/free-speech-after-911-why-advocating-for-peace-is-now-a-crime Kim, Jae-Young (2002) Sorting Out Deregulation: Protecting Free Speech and Internet Access in the United States, Germany, and Japan. New York, NY: LFB Scholarly Publishing LLC Kristoff, Nicholas D. (1989) A Reassessment of How Many Died In the Military Crackdown in Beijing. The New York Times. 21 June 1989 Abrams, Floyd (2005) Speaking Freely: Trials of the First Amendment. New York, NY: Viking Nunziato, Dawn C. (2009) Virtual Freedom: Net Neutrality and Free Speech in the Internet Age. Stanford, CA: Stanford Law Books Bernstein, David E. (2003) You Can’t Say That! : The Growing Threat to Civil Liberties from Antidiscrimination Laws. Washington, DC: Cato Institute Cohen, Henry Legislative Attorney (2009) Freedom of Speech and Press: Exceptions to the First Amendment. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service 7-5700 Daszkiewicz, Marta (2012) Personal Interview conducted by online chat on February 15, 2012. Poland. [emailprotected]

Henrik Isbens A Dolls House :: A Dolls House Essays

A Doll’s House Henrik Ibsen was born in 1828 on the coast of Norway into a middle class family. When he was 6 years of age, due to financial loss, his family were forced to move to a smaller house in the country and his education was disruppted. Ibsen had to work as an apprentice and study in the evening this alienated him from his family and he was never to reunite with them. In 1849 his first play was published and was a disaster. Ibsen altered his style of writing to accommodate the trend of the era which was romanticism. His second play the â€Å"The Warrior’s Borrow† was a success. Ibsen then acquired a job as â€Å"Dramatic Author† at the Norwegian Theatre which included all parts of the theatre production directing, designing sets and costumes as well as financial and business aspects. At this point in time, Ibsen was successful as light comedy, romanticism and melodrama were the main subjects he wrote about. By 1860 he was disillusioned with those and wanted to deal with real issues about everyday life in society, which his middle class audience could relate to. Being a socialist, Ibsen’s realistic for of writing made his audiences think and even examine their own life’s this made his realistic plays extremely successful with the public but the critics thought other wise. In 1877 â€Å"The Pillars of Society† was his naturalistic play but still contained a happy ending. Then only two years later â€Å"A Doll’s House† had a totally different ending which embraced women’s rights and was revolutionary causing a stir throughout Europe. Most of Ibsen’s realistic plays were based on events that had happened in his own life. The style at the time was Romanticism and melodrama this genre of theatre was known as â€Å"The Well Made Play†. The plays in this era consisted of your typical goodies vs. baddies battles which resulted in the goodies winning nearly all the time. A high percentage of the time these types of plays ended up with every thing falling into place nicely for instance, the man gets the women, the goodies win the battle and everyone lives â€Å"happily ever after†. As I stated earlier on Ibsen wanted to move away from this style and on to a different on. Ibsen helped develop a new genre of theatre along with Shaw called Naturalistic. This type of drama was classed as â€Å"The new theatre† which dealt with real life situations, morals and social issues. Some critics found this style of drama scandalous which dented its popularity in the early stages. The first play to generate positive remarks from the critics was Ibsen’s play â€Å"A Dolls House†.

DNA †Genetically modified food Essay

Virtually every crop we eat have undergone hundreds of years of genetic modification by farmers and scientist in search of desirable traits. Selective breeding and hybrid strains have contributed immeasurably to farm productivity during this time. Over the past 30 years however, genetic engineering has been revolutionized. While before, a farmer wanting to develop a frost resistant tomato would be able to breed towards one only if the necessary genes were available somewhere in tomatoes or a near relative to tomatoes, modern biological engineering techniques overcome such restrictions. Genetic traits from outside a species’ gene pool, in the tomato’s case from an arctic fish, can be spliced into the organism to create an entirely different species, a transgenic organism with the typical traits of a tomato and frost resistance from a fish. The most widely used method of gene splicing, recombinant DNA, uses biochemical â€Å"scissors† called restriction enzymes to cut the strings of DNA, selecting required genes. These are then â€Å"ferried† by a virus or a bacterium that infects the host, smuggling the gene into the plant’s DNA. In this way scientists have been able to create slow ripening and seedless fruit, crops that grow in unfavourable conditions and are resistant to disease or herbicides and milk from cows given a genetically engineered growth hormone. The benefits of gene technology in terms of food production are enormous. The most common genetically engineered crops contain modifications that make the plants resistant to certain diseases and herbicides, or allow them to produce their own pesticides, thereby eliminating or reducing the need to spray. So-called â€Å"Bt corn,† for example, contains a gene resistant to the harmful mycotoxin fungus and herbicide producers, Monsanto have created a strain of soybeans genetically modified to be unaffected by their product Roundup. The soybean farmer therefore can avoid targeting specific weeds and require just one application of a general weed-killer, reducing costs and agricultural waste run-off. Genetically modified crops are also being adapted to grow in salty, dry or frosty environments, contain edible vaccines, have a longer shelf life and be more nutritious. A group of Swiss and German scientists recently developed a strain of GM rice know as ? golden rice’ due to its altered colour. Containing genes that produce a unusually high amount of beta-carotene (vitamin A), this rice could be a solution to the thousands of poor children in Asia who eat little but rice and go blind or die from lack of vitamin A Public reaction to the use of recombinant DNA in genetic engineering however has been mixed. Sliding US export commodities such as genetically modified soybeans and corn have highlighted hardened public opinion and widespread resistance to biotech crops, especially in the European Union. Concerns about GM foods fall into three categories: economics, environmental hazards and human health risks. The latter two have been the subject of hot debate, both in Australia and overseas. Environmental damage from GM crops can be caused through various channels. One of the main concerns has been the possibility of gene transfer to a non-target species, that is crops engineered for herbicide tolerance and weeds cross-breeding, resulting in the transfer of the herbicide resistance to create ? superweeds’. In addition, environmentalists fear that transgenic plants may proliferate rapidly, pollinating natural plants in their surroundings eliminating existing species. Further environmental suspicions include those of unintended harm to other organisms (especially non-target insects) and of the reduced effectiveness of pesticides once insects become tolerant to a crop’s natural pesticide. Questions have also been raised on the human impact of genetically modified organisms. Critics of recombinant DNA fear that the pathogenic, or disease-producing organisms used in some recombinant DNA experiments might develop extremely infectious forms that could cause worldwide epidemics. Likewise, the unknown effect of foreign genes introduced into GM food crops in terms of human health also presents a controversial issue. Furthermore, there is a possibility that introducing a gene into a plant may create a new allergen or cause an allergic reaction in susceptible individuals. A proposal to incorporate a gene from Brazil nuts into soybeans in order to increase their nutritional value was abandoned when it was found that the genetically engineered soybeans caused an allergic reaction in people sensitive to Brazil nuts. For these reasons, extensive testing and labelling of GM foods may be required to avoid the possibility of harm to consumers with food allergies. Biotechnology has started to revolutionise food production, with fantastic results. With the world population of 6 billion expected to double in the next 50 years and an adequate food supply becoming a major challenge it will no doubt continue to do so in the future.

Zoe’s Tale PART I Chapter One

The flying saucer landed on our front yard and a little green man got out of it. It was the flying saucer that got my attention. Green men aren't actually unheard of where I come from. All the Colonial Defense Forces were green; it's part of the genetic engineering they do on them to help them fight better. Chlorophyll in the skin gives them the extra energy they need for truly first-class alien stomping. We didn't get many Colonial Defense Force soldiers on Huckleberry, the colony I lived on; it was an established colony and we hadn't been seriously attacked in a couple of decades. But the Colonial Union goes out of its way to let every colonist know all about the CDF, and I knew more about them than most. But the flying saucer, well. That's novel. New Goa is a farming community. Tractors and harvesters and animal-drawn wagons, and wheeled public buses when we wanted to live life on the edge and visit the provincial capital. An actual flying transport was a rare thing indeed. Having one small enough for a single passenger land on our lawn was definitely not an everyday occurrence. â€Å"Would you like Dickory and me to go out and meet him?† asked Hickory. We watched from inside the house as the green man pulled himself out of the transport. I looked over at Hickory. â€Å"Do you think he's an actual threat? I think if he wanted to attack us, he could have just dropped a rock on the house while he was flying over it.† â€Å"I am always for prudence,† Hickory said. The unsaid portion of that sentence was when you are involved. Hickory is very sweet, and paranoid. â€Å"Let's try the first line of defense instead,† I said, and walked over to the screen door. Babar the mutt was standing at it, his front paws up on the door, cursing the genetic fate that left him without opposable thumbs or the brains to pull the door instead of pushing on it. I opened the door for him; he took off like a furry heat-seeking slobber missile. To the green man's credit, he took a knee and greeted Babar like an old friend, and was generously coated in dog drool for his pains. â€Å"Good thing he's not soluble,† I said to Hickory. â€Å"Babar is not a very good watchdog,† Hickory said, as it watched the green man play with my dog. â€Å"No, he's really not,† I agreed. â€Å"But if you ever need something really moistened, he's got you covered.† â€Å"I will remember that for future reference,† Hickory said, in that noncommittal way designed for dealing with my sarcasm. â€Å"Do that,† I said, and opened the door again. â€Å"And stay in here for now, please.† â€Å"As you say, Zoe,† Hickory said. â€Å"Thanks,† I said, and walked out to the porch. By this time the green man had gotten to the porch steps, Babar bouncing behind him. â€Å"I like your dog,† he said to me. â€Å"I see that,† I said. â€Å"The dog's only so-so about you.† â€Å"How can you tell?† he asked. â€Å"You're not completely bathed in saliva,† I said. He laughed. â€Å"I'll try harder next time,† he said. â€Å"Remember to bring a towel,† I said. The green man motioned to the house. â€Å"This is Major Perry's house?† â€Å"I hope so,† I said. â€Å"All his stuff is here.† This earned me about a two-second pause. Yes, as it happens, I am a sarcastic little thing. Thanks for asking. It comes from living with my dad all these years. He considers himself quite the wit; I don't know how I feel about that one, personally, but I will say that it's made me pretty forward when it comes to comebacks and quips. Give me a soft lob, I'll be happy to spike it. I think it's endearing and charming; so does Dad. We may be in the minority with that opinion. If nothing else it's interesting to see how other people react to it. Some people think it's cute. Others not so much. I think my green friend fell into the â€Å"not so much† camp, because his response was to change the subject. â€Å"I'm sorry,† he said. â€Å"I don't think I know who you are.† â€Å"I'm Zoe,† I said. â€Å"Major Perry's daughter. Lieutenant Sagan's, too.† â€Å"Oh, right,† he said. â€Å"I'm sorry. I pictured you as younger.† â€Å"I used to be,† I said. â€Å"I should have known you were his daughter,† he said. â€Å"You look like him in the eyes.† Fight the urge, the polite part of my brain said. Fight it. Just let it go. â€Å"Thank you,† I said. â€Å"I'm adopted.† My green friend stood there for a minute, doing that thing people do when they've just stepped in it: freezing and putting a smile on their face while their brain strips its gears trying to figure how it's going to extract itself out of this faux pas. If I leaned in, I could probably hear his frontal lobes go click click click click, trying to reset. See, now, that was just mean, said the polite part of my brain. But come on. If the guy was calling Dad â€Å"Major Perry,† then he probably knew when Dad was discharged from service, which was eight years ago. CDF soldiers can't make babies; that's part of their combat-effective genetic engineering, don't you know – no accidental kids – so his earliest opportunity to spawn would have been when they put him in a new, regular body at the end of his service term. And then there's the whole â€Å"nine months gestation† thing. I might have been a little small for my age when I was fifteen, but I assure you, I didn't look seven. Honestly, I think there's a limit to how bad I should feel in a situation like that. Grown men should be able to handle a little basic math. Still, there's only so long you can leave someone on the hook. â€Å"You called Dad ‘Major Perry,'† I said. â€Å"Did you know him from the service?† â€Å"I did,† he said, and seemed happy that the conversation was moving forward again. â€Å"It's been a while, though. I wonder if I'll recognize him.† â€Å"I imagine he looks the same,† I said. â€Å"Maybe a different skin tone.† He chuckled at that. â€Å"I suppose that's true,† he said. â€Å"Being green would make it a little more difficult to blend in.† â€Å"I don't think he would ever quite blend in here,† I said, and then immediately realized all the very many ways that statement could be misinterpreted. And of course, my visitor wasted no time doing just that. â€Å"Does he not blend?† he asked, and then bent down to pat Babar. â€Å"That's not what I meant,† I said. â€Å"Most of the people here at Huckleberry are from India, back on Earth, or were born here from people who came from India. It's a different culture than the one he grew up in, that's all.† â€Å"I understand,† the green man said. â€Å"And I'm sure he gets along very well with the people here. Major Perry is like that. I'm sure that's why he has the job he has here.† My dad's job was as an ombudsman, someone who helps people cut through government bureaucracy. â€Å"I guess I'm just curious if he likes it here.† â€Å"What do you mean?† I asked. â€Å"I was just wondering how he's been enjoying his retirement from the universe, is all,† he said, and looked back up at me. In the back of my brain something went ping. I was suddenly aware that our nice and casual conversation had somehow become something less casual. Our green visitor wasn't just here for a social call. â€Å"I think he likes it fine,† I said, and kept from saying anything else. â€Å"Why?† â€Å"Just curious,† he said, petting Babar again. I fought off the urge to call my dog over. â€Å"Not everyone makes the jump from military life to civilian life perfectly.† He looked around. â€Å"This looks like a pretty sedate life. It's a pretty big switch.† â€Å"I think he likes it just fine,† I repeated, putting enough emphasis on the words that unless my green visitor was an absolute toad, he'd know to move on. â€Å"Good,† he said. â€Å"What about you? How do you like it here?† I opened my mouth to respond, and then shut it just as quickly. Because, well. There was a question. The idea of living on a human colony is more exciting than the reality. Some folks new to the concept think that people out in the colonies go from planet to planet all the time, maybe living on one planet, working on another and then having vacations on a third: the pleasure planet of Vacationaria, maybe. The reality is, sadly, far more boring. Most colonists live their whole lives on their home planet, and never get out to see the rest of the universe. It's not impossible to go from planet to planet, but there's usually a reason for it: You're a member of the crew on a trade ship, hauling fruit and wicker baskets between the stars, or you get a job with the Colonial Union itself and start a glorious career as an interstellar bureaucrat. If you're an athlete, there's the Colonial Olympiad every four years. And occasionally a famous musician or actor will do a grand tour of the colonies. But mostly, you're born on a planet, you live on a planet, you die on a planet, and your ghost hangs around and annoys your descendants on that planet. I don't suppose there's really anything bad about that – I mean, most people don't actually go more than a couple dozen kilometers from their homes most of the time in day-to-day life, do they? And people hardly see most of their own planet when they do decide to wander off. If you've never seen the sights on your own planet, I don't know how much you can really complain about not seeing a whole other planet. But it helps to be on an interesting planet. In case this ever gets back to Huckleberry: I love Huckleberry, really I do. And I love New Goa, the little town where we lived. When you're a kid, a rural, agriculturally-based colony town is a lot of fun to grow up in. It's life on a farm, with goats and chickens and fields of wheat and sorghum, harvest celebrations and winter festivals. There's not an eight- or nine-year-old kid who's been invented who doesn't find all of that unspeakably fun. But then you become a teenager and you start thinking about everything you might possibly want to do with your life, and you look at the options available to you. And then all farms, goats and chickens – and all the same people you've known all your life and will know all your life – begin to look a little less than optimal for a total life experience. It's all still the same, of course. That's the point. It's you who's changed. I know this bit of teenage angst wouldn't make me any different than any other small-town teenager who has ever existed throughout the history of the known universe. But when even the â€Å"big city† of a colony – the district capital of Missouri City – holds all the mystery and romance of watching compost, it's not unreasonable to hope for something else. I'm not saying that there's anything wrong with Missouri City (there's nothing wrong with compost, either; you actually need it). Maybe it's better to say it's the sort of place you come back to, once you've gone out and had your time in the big city, or the big bad universe. One of the things I know about Mom is that she loved it on Huckleberry. But before she was here, she was a Special Forces soldier. She doesn't talk too much about all the things she's seen and done, but from personal experience I know a little bit about it. I can't imagine a whole life of it. I think she'd say that she'd seen enough of the universe. I've seen some of the universe, too, before we came to Huckleberry. But unlike Jane – unlike Mom – I don't think I'm ready to say Huckleberry's all I want out of a life. But I wasn't sure I wanted to say any of that to this green guy, who I had become suddenly rather suspicious of. Green men falling from the sky, asking after the psychological states of various family members including oneself, are enough to make a girl paranoid about what's going on. Especially when, as I suddenly realized, I didn't actually get the guy's name. He'd gotten this far into my family life without actually saying who he was. Maybe this was just something he'd innocently managed to overlook – this wasn't a formal interview, after all – but enough bells were ringing in my head that I decided that my green friend had had enough free information for one day. Green man was looking at me intently, waiting for me to respond. I gave him my best noncommittal shrug. I was fifteen years old. It's a quality age for shrugging. He backed off a bit. â€Å"I don't suppose your dad is home,† he said. â€Å"Not yet,† I said. I checked my PDA and showed it to him. â€Å"His workday finished up a few minutes ago. He and Mom are probably walking home.† â€Å"Okay. And your mom is constable here, right?† â€Å"Right,† I said. Jane Sagan, frontier law woman. Minus the frontier. It fit her. â€Å"Did you know Mom, too?† I asked. Special Forces was an entirely different thing from regular infantry. â€Å"Just by reputation,† he said, and again there was that studied casual thing. Folks, a little tip: Nothing is more transparent than you try for casual and miss. My green friend was missing it by a klick, and I got tired of feeling lightly groped for information. â€Å"I think I'll go for a walk,† I said. â€Å"Mom and Dad are probably right down the road. I'll let them know you're here.† â€Å"I'll go with you,† Green man offered. â€Å"That's all right,† I said, and motioned him onto the porch, and to our porch swing. â€Å"You've been traveling. Have a seat and relax.† â€Å"All right,† he said. â€Å"If you're comfortable having me here while you're gone.† I think that was meant as a joke. I smiled at him. â€Å"I think it'll be fine,† I said. â€Å"You'll have company.† â€Å"You're leaving me the dog,† he said. He sat. â€Å"Even better,† I said. â€Å"I'm leaving you two of my friends.† This is when I called into the house for Hickory and Dickory, and then stood away from the door and watched my visitor, so I wouldn't miss his expression when the two of them came out. He didn't quite wet his pants. Which was an accomplishment, all things considered. Obin – which is what Hickory and Dickory are – don't look exactly like a cross between a spider and a giraffe, but they're close enough to make some part of the human brain fire up the drop ballast alert. You get used to them after a bit. But the point is it takes a while. â€Å"This is Hickory,† I said, pointing to the one at the left of me, and then pointed to the one at my right. â€Å"And this is Dickory. They're Obin.† â€Å"Yes, I know,† my visitor said, with the sort of tone you'd expect from a very small animal trying to pretend that being cornered by a pair of very large predators was not that big of a deal. â€Å"Uh. So. These are your friends.† â€Å"Best friends,† I said, with what I felt was just the right amount of brainless gush. â€Å"And they love to entertain visitors. They'll be happy to keep you company while I go look for my parents. Isn't that right?† I said to Hickory and Dickory. â€Å"Yes,† they said, together. Hickory and Dickory are fairly monotone to begin with; having them be monotone in stereo offers an additional – and delightful! – creepy effect. â€Å"Please say hello to our guest,† I said. â€Å"Hello,† they said, again in stereo. â€Å"Uh,† said Green man. â€Å"Hi.† â€Å"Great, everybody's friends,† I said, and stepped off the porch. Babar left our green friend to follow me. â€Å"I'm off, then.† â€Å"You sure you don't want me to come along?† Green man said. â€Å"I don't mind.† â€Å"No, please,† I said. â€Å"I don't want you to feel like you have to get up for anything.† My eyes sort of casually flicked over at Hickory and Dickory, as if to imply it would be a shame if they had to make steaks out of him. â€Å"Great,† he said, and settled onto the swing. I think he got the hint. See, that's how you do studied casual. â€Å"Great,† I said. Babar and I headed off down the road to find my folks.

Livery of Tesco Essays

Livery of Tesco Essays Livery of Tesco Essay Livery of Tesco Essay Logos help the business to attract customer attention, let the people know about the company, allow customers to identify their best company. For example the log off Tesco is recognised around the worlds, because Tesco stores are in almost every part of the world, Tesco uses the same log for all its stores. We all have different likes and dislikes; another individual may dislike the logo, which is liked by one individual. Uniforms:  A uniform is a set of distinguishing, clothing worn to identify the wearer as a member of a particular organisation, school, and bank. Tesco staff wears unique clothing which makes them stand out from the crowd meaning from other business.  Packaging:  Packaging is a container or wrapper for a consumer product that help a number of object including protection and descriptions of the ingredients. Packaging is also becoming a useful way of communicating between the business and the customers. Tesco use a number of different packaging as shown below comprise with different colours making it easy for customers to recognise the Tesco product from its competitors. Packaging can be used to attract customer attention, for example if company packaging is attractive and good, it will help the customer to pick the product as a trusted brand, when the customer is surrounded by the competitors products in the market. Packaging can also be used successfully to promote sales. Some people may not like the packaging of the business from they is buying the product, in their opinion the packaging may not be good at. Strapline:  A strapline is a phrase or an advertisement slogan used by the company to draw attention to the product or to inform the customer we are providing the product or service you are after. The reason for using strapline is that the slogan or the word will be associated with the particular business. Every time when the Tesco advertise on the TV, Radio they use different strapline to get people attention for example food advert Every Little Helps. This slogan basically says to its customers even if you have little money on you can shop in Tesco. Tesco starpline have helped them to attract more customers; I can explain this by giving one example like when customer do not have enough money on them, they still can go and buy the products in Tesco. Although Tesco products are cheap compared to its competitors but Tesco products are of good quality. Livery:  A livery is a corporate colours scheme used by business on all their delivery vehicles, packaging and promotions. Usually every business has its own livery corporate colours (livery) so that the business can be stand out from other business.  Tesco colour scheme is mostly red and blue. The reason why Tesco always use the combination of red and blue, to show this vehicle or particular branch belong to Tesco. This is another way of corporate communication. Almost every one knows the Livery of Tesco, because all of their vehicles use Livery. Some livery may not be eye catching to grab customer attention. Livery of Tesco: Few companies will relate their business with a famous celiberity or presentationalty to get a message across. It is a fact that people are likely to buy products more if the famous celebrity is using the same product in the advert or in the life. For example the Gillet razor, company used David Backhem, famous football player, to prmote their product. However the celebrity has to be chosen carefully so that the advert can put the message across before the advert is disliked by the public. After all the public is the main people who will be using the products or services. Some people may not like the celebrity who is doing the advert for partiular product for that reason customer may not buy the product. Tesco has used Dotty Turnbull, she helped Tesco become Britains biggest supermarket chain in 2006. This logo is about the recruitment opportunities in Tesco. Tesco is the store, which is giving the chance to everyone to work for a Tesco, regardless of an individual religion, ethnicity background, or any thing else, which prevents any one to get a job. Tesco is providing the chance to everyone to work for a Tesco. Sponsorship:  Through research on Tesco I came to know that Tesco also sponsors large companies to make other organisations aware of the business. They can create a positive image by doing this. It is important to keep this in mind that in order for sponsorship to be effective; it should be at the same level as Tesco. After reading on bbc.co.uk / business, I found out that Tesco and British cycling both came together to sponsor the cycling club. Tesco and British cycling club sponsor one of the largest cycling clubs, which allows Tesco and British cycling to get involved with many people from all backgrounds and communities. This sponsorship is part of Tescos ongoing commitment to help the children of UK to get healthier and fit. Such a sponsorship allows Tesco to be publicised in a positive manner. On-line activity: All big organisations like Tesco have their website because having website allow the customers to see all the products and services business is providing. Tesco website is www.tesco.com, by going on to this website customer will be able to see all kind of products, services, and special offers Tesco is providing in particular period without leaving their house. The main advantage of having website is that it can be accessed at any time form any part of the world. Most of the businesses also use their websites to promote their business such as by giving discount, or vouchers. Tesco has online shopping facility, which makes the life of some customers very easy due to their busy working life. This saves customers time. Tesco also have introduced club card point, which makes customers to shop more, the benefit of using card is that more times the customer shop with Tesco, the more points they are likely to collect on their card. Public Relations:  Tesco use recycling as to get the all the public together, this will also improve the image of Tesco. Tesco recycling which helps the environment and also it helps the Tesco to create positive image. Tesco is devoted to reduce the amount of waste produced and to help to recycle it wherever possible. Tesco recently introduced a program for their customer to recycle polythene paper and other consumable items used by Tesco, contains a proportion of recycled materials. This will also helps the customers to earn points on their club card. This will also draw the customer attention to Tesco. Vocabulary:  Tesco uses different kinds of friendly vocabulary that will improve the image of Tesco. Tesco uses friendly and quickly understandable vocabulary in promotion. The reason behind this is to ensure that customers understand what Tesco is saying immediately and at the same time eye catching. Tesco always use the words Every Little Helps. The reason for using these words is that Tesco want to distinguish from its competitors. Businesses using special words when they promote the products will also helps the customer to know this product or service this business is providing. For example Sainsbury always use the words on their adverts Try something new today. This is to help customers know what Sainsburys is providing. Tescos choice of words will get the customers attention when they use the friendly vocabulary in the promotion. This is because they need to attract potential customers. The more people know about the vocabulary of the business, the better it is for the business.

How Scientists Determine Climates of the Past

How Scientists Determine Climates of the Past Paleoenvironmental reconstruction (also known as paleoclimate reconstruction) refers to the results and the investigations undertaken to determine what the climate and vegetation were like at a particular time and place in the past. Climate, including vegetation, temperature, and relative humidity, has varied considerably during the time since the earliest human habitation of planet earth, from both natural and cultural (human-made) causes. Climatologists primarily use paleoenvironmental data to understand how the environment of our world has changed and how modern societies need to prepare for the changes to come. Archaeologists use paleoenvironmental data to help understand the living conditions for the people who lived at an archaeological site. Climatologists benefit from the archaeological studies because they show how humans in the past learned how to adapt or failed to adapt to environmental change, and how they caused environmental changes or made them worse or better by their actions. Using Proxies The data that are collected and interpreted by paleoclimatologists are known as proxies, stand-ins for what cant be directly measured. We cant travel back in time to measure the temperature or humidity of a given day or year or century, and there are no written records of climatic changes that would give us those details older than a couple of hundred years. Instead, paleoclimate researchers rely on biological, chemical, and geological traces of past events that were influenced by the climate. The primary proxies used by climate researchers are plant and animal remains because the type of flora and fauna in a region indicates the climate: think of polar bears and palm trees as indicators of local climates. Identifiable traces of plants and animals range in size from whole trees to microscopic diatoms and chemical signatures. The most useful remains are those that are large enough to be identifiable to species; modern science has been able to identify objects as tiny as pollen grains and spores to plant species. Keys to Past Climates Proxy evidence can be biotic, geomorphic, geochemical, or geophysical; they can record environmental data that range in time from yearly, every ten years, every century, every millennium or even multi-millennia. Events such as tree growth and regional vegetation changes leave traces in soils and peat deposits, glacial ice and moraines, cave formations, and in the bottoms of lakes and oceans. Researchers rely on modern analogs; that is to say, they compare the findings from the past to those found in current climates around the world. However, there are periods in the very ancient past when the climate was completely different from what is currently being experienced on our planet. In general, those situations appear to be the result of climate conditions that had more extreme seasonal differences than any weve experienced today. It is particularly important to recognize that atmospheric carbon dioxide levels were lower in the past than those present today, so ecosystems with less  greenhouse gas  in the atmosphere likely behaved differently than they do today. Paleoenvironmental Data Sources There are several types of sources where paleoclimate researchers can find preserved records of past climates. Glaciers and Ice Sheets: Long-term bodies of ice, such as the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, have annual cycles which build new layers of ice each year like tree rings. Layers in the ice vary in texture and color during warmer and cooler parts of the year. Also, glaciers expand with increased precipitation and cooler weather and retract when warmer conditions prevail. Trapped in those layers laid down over thousands of years are dust particles and gases which were created by climatic disturbances such as volcanic eruptions, data which can be retrieved using ice cores.Ocean Bottoms: Sediments are deposited in the bottom of the oceans each year, and lifeforms such as foraminifera, ostracods, and diatoms die and are deposited with them. Those forms respond to ocean temperatures: for example, some are more prevalent during warmer periods.Estuaries and Coastlines: Estuaries preserve information about the height of former sea levels in long sequences of alternating layers of organic p eat when the sea level was low, and inorganic silts when the sea level rose. Lakes: Like oceans and estuaries, lakes also have annual basal deposits called varves. Varves hold a wide variety of organic remains, from entire archaeological sites to pollen grains and insects. They can hold information about environmental pollution such as acid rain, local iron mongering, or run-offs from eroded hills nearby.Caves: Caves are closed systems, where average annual temperatures are maintained year-round and with a high relative humidity. Mineral deposits within caves such as stalactites, stalagmites, and flowstones gradually form in thin layers of calcite, which trap chemical compositions from outside the cave. Caves can thus contain continuous, high-resolution records which can be dated using uranium-series dating.Terrestrial Soils: Soil deposits on land can also be a source of information, trapping animal and plant remains in colluvial deposits at the base of hills or alluvial deposits in valley terraces. Archaeological Studies of Climate Change Archaeologists have been interested in climate research since at least Grahame Clarks 1954 work at Star Carr. Many have worked with climate scientists to figure out the local conditions at the time of occupation. A trend identified by Sandweiss and Kelley (2012) suggests that climate researchers are beginning to turn to the archaeological record to assist with the reconstruction of paleoenvironments. Recent studies described in detail in Sandweiss and Kelley include: The interaction between humans and climatic data to determine the rate and extent of El Nià ±o and the human reaction to it over the last 12,000 years of people living in coastal Peru.Tell Leilan in northern Mesopotamia (Syria) deposits matched to ocean drilling cores in the Arabian Sea identified a previously-unknown volcanic eruption that took place between 2075-1675 BC, which in turn may have led to an abrupt aridification with the abandonment of the tell and may have led to the disintegration of the Akkadian empire.In the Penobscot valley of Maine in the northeastern United States, studies on sites dated to the early-middle Archaic (~9000-5000 years ago), helped establish a chronology of flood events in the region associated with falling or low lake levels.Shetland Island, Scotland, where Neolithic-aged sites are sand-inundated, a situation believed to be an indication of a period of storminess in the North Atlantic. Sources Allison AJ, and Niemi TM. 2010. Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of Holocene coastal sediments adjacent to archaeological ruins in Aqaba, Jordan. Geoarchaeology 25(5):602-625.Dark P. 2008. Paleoenvironmental reconstruction, methods. In: Pearsall DM, editor. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. New York: Academic Press. p 1787-1790.Edwards KJ, Schofield JE, and Mauquoy D. 2008. High resolution paleoenvironmental and chronological investigations of Norse landnm at Tasiusaq, Eastern Settlement, Greenland. Quaternary Research 69:1–15.Gocke M, Hambach U, Eckmeier E, Schwark L, Zà ¶ller L, Fuchs M, Là ¶scher M, and Wiesenberg GLB. 2014. Introducing an improved multi-proxy approach for paleoenvironmental reconstruction of loess–paleosol archives applied on the Late Pleistocene Nussloch sequence (SW Germany). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 410:300-315.Lee-Thorp J, and Sponheimer M. 2015. Contribution of Stable Light Isotopes to Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction. I n: Henke W, and Tattersall I, editors. Handbook of Paleoanthropology. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p 441-464. Lyman RL. 2016. The mutual climatic range technique is (usually) not the area of sympatry technique when reconstructing paleoenvironments based on faunal remains. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 454:75-81.Rhode D, Haizhou M, Madsen DB, Brantingham PJ, Forman SL, and Olsen JW. 2010. Paleoenvironmental and archaeological investigations at Qinghai Lake, western China: Geomorphic and chronometric evidence of lake level history. Quaternary International 218(1–2):29-44.Sandweiss DH, and Kelley AR. 2012. Archaeological Contributions to Climate Change Research: The Archaeological Record as a Paleoclimatic and Paleoenvironmental Archive*. Annual Review of Anthropology 41(1):371-391.Shuman BN. 2013. Paleoclimate reconstruction - Approaches In: Elias SA, and Mock CJ, editors. Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science (Second Edition). Amsterdam: Elsevier. p 179-184.

Forensic Evidence Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Forensic Evidence - Case Study Example According to Mr. and Mrs. Anderson, Caroline is a college student at the State University of New York and has a part-time clerical job at the university. They do not have the resources to locate their missing daughter, personally; hence, they are seeking the help of NYPD. Interview is the very basic thing to do in this case. Talking to Caroline's family, relatives, boyfriend, friends, flatmates, workmates and schoolmates will help us truly determine her background and what transpired before she disappeared. Among the questions to be answered are: What is her everyday routine Have they noticed anything awkward in her actuations in the past few days What are her affiliations Who are the persons she has been going out lately Is there a reason for her to run away Is it the first time for her to run away, go somewhere without telling her parents or anyone close to her If so, what was her reason for running away before Has she quarreled with anyone lately Has she confided about noticing something suspicious Apart from the interview with relatives, friends and contacts, Caroline Anderson's photograph is one of the basic evidences. How can investigators find a missing person without having an idea of how the person looks like However, the photograph handed over by Caroline's family should not be solely relied on. It has to be uploaded to a computer to see how a person looks in different angles, different hairstyles or colors. Check Telephone Records Today, almost everybody has their own mobile phone for easy communication access. Hence, it is a must to check on the telephone company if Caroline has made any calls, local or long distance, prior to her disappearance (Galloway, 1997). Or she may have made a call at the time when she's reported missing. The people whom she called and the telephone record itself can provide a lead on her whereabouts. A number of cases have been solved from a lead taken at a telephone record. Multi-awarded investigator, Gil Alba, solved a case of a missing person by taking off from a lead on telephone record; Alba Investigations and the family of the missing person had a clue from the cellphone that this person is somewhere in Canada (Gassler, 2003). Revisit the path If Caroline Anderson disappeared after calling on her parents at New Jersey, the investigators must revisit the path she took while paying attention to every detail along the way. Coordination with the state's Police Department will also help. This will enable the investigator to check whether an unusual incident occurred during the time and day when Caroline Anderson is supposed to be traveling back to New York. If an unidentified female body was found nearby, the investigator can check on this. Hospitals and funeral parlors are worth checking as well. The family might believe that Caroline is still alive or just went somewhere, but investigators must be very objective. Visit Caroline's place Apart from her route, Caroline's flat, workplace and school also need to be revisited for some clue on her whereabout

Ground Subsidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Ground Subsidence - Essay Example Most human built structures do rely on the ground for stability but what if the ground suddenly becomes unstable What if subsidence occurs This paper aims to answer these questions by discussing the nature of subsidence and its effects on civil works. I will be providing definitions and possible causes of subsidence. For the civil works, I will be enumerating the effects along precautionary and remedial measures that can mitigate its effects. "Ground subsidence" is legally defined as the means or process that is characterized by the downward displacement of surface material caused by natural phenomena such as removal of underground fluids, natural consolidation, or dissolution of underground minerals, or by man-made phenomena such as underground mining. (Colorado Geologic Survey) Subsidence may occur abruptly-virtually instantly-or gradually over many years. It may occur uniformly in a small, confined area as shown in Figure 1a or may occur over a wide area as local depressions as shown in Figure 1b. Subsidence is commonly associated with the dissolution of soluble rocks, such as limestone, beneath the surface while those with crystalline rocks in which most metals are mined have greater strength and are less likely to settle or collapse. The resultant landscape has closed depressions and is known as karst topography. Note that the depressions do not necessarily result to holes in the ground as shown in Figure 2. ... ed subsidence occur as a result of withdrawal of fluids from subsurface reservoirs as shown in Figure 4, from the collapse of soil and rock over subsurface holes, such as those left by underground mining and from the draining of wetlands. (Waltham and Cushaw, 2004) FIGURE 1a. SMALL SINKHOLE. Not all sinkholes are large subsidence features. Small collapse sinkholes, such as this one in Boyle County, Kentucky, are common. (Kentucky Geological Survey) FIGURE 1.b LARGE COLLAPSE SINKHOLE. This sinkhole near Montevallo in central Alabama was dubbed the "December Giant" after it measured close to 120 m (400 ft.) in diameter and 45 m (150 ft.) in depth. (U.S. Geological Survey) FIGURE 2. KARST TOPOGRAPHY. This rolling landscape of the Mitchell Plateau in southern Indiana is typical of karst topography in a humid temperate climate. (Samuel S. Frushour, Indiana Geological Survey) Subsidence can also occur due to expansive soils. There are clay-rich soils which shrink significantly during dry periods and expand or swell during wet periods. The swelling is caused by the chemical attraction of water molecules to the surface of very fine particles of clay. Swelling can also be caused by the chemical attraction of water molecules to layers within the crystal structure of some clay minerals. Figure 3a shows the mechanism by which expansion of soil can occur while Figure 3b shows water consumption by trees as another cause. FIGURE 3. EXPANSIVE SOILS (a) Smectite clay expands as water molecules are added onto and within the clay particles. (b) Effects of soil's shrinking and swelling at a home site. (After Mathewson, C. C., and J. P. Castleberry, II. Expansive soils: Their engineering geology. Texas A&M University) FIGURE 4. PROCESS OF SUBSIDENCE DUE TO WATER